Latest posts for tag pdo
This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience.
While experimenting with Transilience, I've been giving some thought about Ansible variables.
My gripes
I like the possibility to define host and group variables, and I like to have a set of variables that are autodiscovered on the target systems.
I do not like to have everything all blended in a big bucket of global variables.
Let's try some more prototyping.
My fiddlings
First, Role classes could become dataclasses, too, and declare the variables and
facts that they intend to use (typed, even!):
class Role(role.Role): """ Postfix mail server configuration """ # Postmaster username postmaster: str = None # Public name of the mail server myhostname: str = None # Email aliases defined on this mail server aliases: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
Using dataclasses.asdict()
I immediately gain context variables for rendering Jinja2 templates:
class Role: # [...] def render_file(self, path: str, **kwargs): """ Render a Jinja2 template from a file, using as context all Role fields, plus the given kwargs. """ ctx = asdict(self) ctx.update(kwargs) return self.template_engine.render_file(path, ctx) def render_string(self, template: str, **kwargs): """ Render a Jinja2 template from a string, using as context all Role fields, plus the given kwargs. """ ctx = asdict(self) ctx.update(kwargs) return self.template_engine.render_string(template, ctx)
I can also model results from fact gathering into dataclass members:
# From ansible/module_utils/facts/system/platform.py @dataclass class Platform(Facts): """ Facts from the platform module """ ansible_system: Optional[str] = None ansible_kernel: Optional[str] = None ansible_kernel: Optional[str] = None ansible_kernel_version: Optional[str] = None ansible_machine: Optional[str] = None # [...] ansible_userspace_architecture: Optional[str] = None ansible_machine_id: Optional[str] = None def summary(self): return "gather platform facts" def run(self, system: transilience.system.System): super().run(system) # ... collect facts
I like that this way, one can explicitly declare what variables a Facts
action will collect, and what variables a Role needs.
At this point, I can add machinery to allow a Role to declare what Facts it
needs, and automatically have the fields from the Facts class added to the
Role class. Then, when facts are gathered, I can make sure that their fields
get copied over to the Role classes that use them.
In a way, variables become role-scoped, and Facts subclasses can be used like
some kind of Role mixin, that contributes only field members:
# Postfix mail server configuration @role.with_facts([actions.facts.Platform]) class Role(role.Role): # Postmaster username postmaster: str = None # Public name of the mail server myhostname: str = None # Email aliases defined on this mail server aliases: Dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict) # All fields from actions.facts.Platform are inherited here! def have_facts(self, facts): # self.ansible_domain comes from actions.facts.Platform self.add(builtin.command( argv=["certbot", "certonly", "-d", f"mail.{self.ansible_domain}", "-n", "--apache"], creates=f"/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.{self.ansible_domain}/fullchain.pem" ), name="obtain mail.* certificate") # the template context will have the Role variables, plus the variables # of all the Facts the Role uses with self.notify(ReloadPostfix): self.add(builtin.copy( dest="/etc/postfix/main.cf", content=self.render_file("roles/mailserver/templates/main.cf"), ), name="configure /etc/postfix/main.cf")
One can also fill in variables when instantiating Roles, making parameterized generic Roles possible and easy:
runner.add_role( "mailserver", postmaster="enrico", myhostname="mail.enricozini.org", aliases={ "me": "enrico", }, )
Outcomes
I like where this is going: having well defined variables for facts and roles, means that the variables that get into play can be explicitly defined, well known, and documented.
I think this design lends itself quite well to role reuse:
- Roles can use variables without risking interfering with each other.
- Variables from facts can have well defined meanings across roles.
- Roles are classes, and can easily be made inheritable.
I have a feeling that, this way, it may be much easier to create generic libraries of Roles that one can reuse to compose complex playbooks.
Since roles are just Python modules, we even already know how to package and distribute them!
This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience.
Running actions on a server is nice, but a network round trip for each action is not very efficient. If I need to run a linear sequence of actions, I can stream them all to the server, and then read replies streamed from the server as they get executed.
This technique is called pipelining and one can see it used, for example, in Redis, or Mitogen.
Roles
Ansible has the concept of "Roles" as a series of related tasks: I'll play with that. Here's an example role to install and setup fail2ban:
class Role(role.Role): def main(self): self.add(builtin.apt( name=["fail2ban"], state="present", )) self.add(builtin.copy( content=inline(""" [postfix] enabled = true [dovecot] enabled = true """), dest="/etc/fail2ban/jail.local", owner="root", group="root", mode=0o644, ), name="configure fail2ban")
I prototyped roles as classes, with methods that push actions down the pipeline. If an action fails, all further actions for the same role won't executed, and will be marked as skipped.
Since skipping is applied per-role, it means that I can blissfully stream actions for multiple roles to the server down the same pipe, and errors in one role will stop executing that role and not others. Potentially I can get multiple roles going with a single network round-trip:
#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys from transilience.system import Mitogen from transilience.runner import Runner @Runner.cli def main(): system = Mitogen("my server", "ssh", hostname="server.example.org", username="root") runner = Runner(system) # Send roles to the server runner.add_role("general") runner.add_role("fail2ban") runner.add_role("prosody") # Run until all roles are done runner.main() if __name__ == "__main__": sys.exit(main())
That looks like a playbook, using Python as glue rather than YAML.
Decision making in roles
Besides filing a series of actions, a role may need to take decisions based on the results of previous actions, or on facts discovered from the server. In that case, we need to wait until the results we need come back from the server, and then decide if we're done or if we want to send more actions down the pipe.
Here's an example role that installs and configures Prosody:
from transilience import actions, role from transilience.actions import builtin from .handlers import RestartProsody class Role(role.Role): """ Set up prosody XMPP server """ def main(self): self.add(actions.facts.Platform(), then=self.have_facts) self.add(builtin.apt( name=["certbot", "python-certbot-apache"], state="present", ), name="install support packages") self.add(builtin.apt( name=["prosody", "prosody-modules", "lua-sec", "lua-event", "lua-dbi-sqlite3"], state="present", ), name="install prosody packages") def have_facts(self, facts): facts = facts.facts # Malkovich Malkovich Malkovich! domain = facts["domain"] ctx = { "ansible_domain": domain } self.add(builtin.command( argv=["certbot", "certonly", "-d", f"chat.{domain}", "-n", "--apache"], creates=f"/etc/letsencrypt/live/chat.{domain}/fullchain.pem" ), name="obtain chat certificate") with self.notify(RestartProsody): self.add(builtin.copy( content=self.template_engine.render_file("roles/prosody/templates/prosody.cfg.lua", ctx), dest="/etc/prosody/prosody.cfg.lua", ), name="write prosody configuration") self.add(builtin.copy( src="roles/prosody/templates/firewall-ruleset.pfw", dest="/etc/prosody/firewall-ruleset.pfw", ), name="write prosody firewall") # ...
This files some general actions down the pipe, with a hook that says: when the
results of this action come back, run self.have_facts().
At that point, the role can use the results to build certbot command lines,
render prosody's configuration from Jinja2 templates, and use the results to
file further action down the pipe.
Note that this way, while the server is potentially still busy installing prosody, we're already streaming prosody's configuration to it.
If anything goes wrong with the installation of prosody's package, the role
will be marked as failed and all further actions of the same role, even those
filed by have_facts() will be skipped.
Notify and handlers
In the previous example self.notify() also appears: that's my attempt to
model the equivalent of Ansible's handlers. If any of the actions inside the
with produce changes, then the RestartProsody role will be executed,
potentially filing more actions ad the end of the playbook.
The runner will take care of collecting all the triggered role classes in a
set,
which discards duplicates, and then running
the main() method of all resulting roles, which will cause more actions to be
filed down the pipe.
Action conditions
Sometimes some actions are only meaningful as consequences of other actions.
Let's take, for example, enabling buster-backports as an extra apt source:
a = self.add(builtin.copy( owner="root", group="root", mode=0o644, dest="/etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-buster-backports.list", content="deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.gandi.net/debian/ buster-backports main contrib", ), name="enable backports") self.add(builtin.apt( update_cache=True ), name="update after enabling backports", # Run only if the previous copy changed anything when={a: ResultState.CHANGED}, )
Here we want to update Apt's cache, which is a slow operation, only after we
actually write /etc/apt/sources.list.d/debian-buster-backports.list. If the
file was already there from a previous run, we can skip downloading the new
package lists.
The when= attributes adds an annotation to the action that is sent town the
pipeline, that says that it should only be run if the state of a previous
action matches the given one.
In this case, when on the remote it's the turn of "update after enabling
backports", it gets skipped unless the state of the previous "enable backports"
action is CHANGED.
Effects of pipelining
I ported enough of Ansible's modules to be able to run the provisioning scripts of my VPS entirely via ansible.
This is the playbook run as plain Ansible:
$ time ansible-playbook vps.yaml [...] servername : ok=55 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 real 2m10.072s user 0m33.149s sys 0m10.379s
This is the same playbook run with Ansible speeded up via the Mitogen backend, which makes Ansible more bearable:
$ export ANSIBLE_STRATEGY=mitogen_linear $ time ansible-playbook vps.yaml [...] servername : ok=55 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0 real 0m24.428s user 0m8.479s sys 0m1.894s
This is the same playbook ported to Transilience:
$ time ./provision [...] real 0m2.585s user 0m0.659s sys 0m0.034s
Doing nothing went from 2 minutes down to 3 seconds!
That's the kind of running time that finally makes me comfortable with maintaining my VPS by editing the playbook only, and never logging in to mess with the system configuration by hand!
Next steps
I'm quite happy with what I have: I can now maintain my VPS with a simple script with quick iterative cycles.
I might use it to develop new playbooks, and port them to ansible only when they're tested and need to be shared with infrastructure that needs to rely on something more solid and battle tested than a prototype provisioning system.
I might also keep working on it as I have more interesting ideas that I'd like to try. I feel like Ansible reached some architectural limits that are hard to overcome without a major redesign, and are in many way hardcoded in its playbook configuration. It's nice to be able to try out new designs without that baggage.
I'd love it if even just the library of Transilience actions could grow, and gain widespread use. Ansible modules standardized a set of management operations, that I think became the way people think about system management, and should really be broadly available outside of Ansible.
If you are interesting in playing with Transilience, such as:
- polishing the packaging, adding a
setup.py, publishing to PIP, packaging in Debian - adding example playbooks
- porting more Ansible modules to Transilience actions
- improving the command line interface
- test other ways to feed actions to pipelines
- test other pipeline primitives
- add backends besides Local and Mitogen
- prototype a parser to turn a subsets of YAML playbook syntax into transilience actions
- adopt it into your multinational organization infrastructure to speed up provisioning times by orders of magnitude at the cost of the development time that it takes to turn this prototype into something solid and road tested
- create a startup and get millions in venture capital to disrupt the provisioning ecosystem
do get in touch or send a pull request! :)
Next step: Reimagining Ansible variables.
This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience.
I like many of the modules provided with Ansible: they are convenient, platform-independent implementations of common provisioning steps. They'd be fantastic to have in a library that I could use in normal programs.
This doesn't look easy to do with Ansible code as it is. Also, the code quality of various Ansible modules doesn't fit something I'd want in a standard library of cross-platform provisioning functions.
Modeling Actions
I want to keep the declarative, idempotent aspect of describing actions on a
system. A good place to start could be a hierarchy of
dataclasses that hold
the same parameters as ansible modules, plus a run() method that performs the
action:
@dataclass class Action: """ Base class for all action implementations. An Action is the equivalent of an ansible module: a declarative representation of an idempotent operation on a system. An Action can be run immediately, or serialized, sent to a remote system, run, and sent back with its results. """ uuid: str = field(default_factory=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4())) result: Result = field(default_factory=Result) def summary(self): """ Return a short text description of this action """ return self.__class__.__name__ def run(self, system: transilience.system.System): """ Perform the action """ self.result.state = ResultState.NOOP
I like that Ansible tasks have names, and I hate having to give names to
trivial tasks like "Create directory /foo/bar", so I added a summary() method
so that trivial tasks like that can take care of naming themselves.
Dataclasses allow to introspect fields and annotate them with extra metadata, and together with docstrings, I can make actions reasonably self-documeting.
I ported some of Ansible's modules over: see complete list in the git repository.
Running Actions in a script
With a bit of glue code I can now run Ansible-style functions from a plain Python script:
#!/usr/bin/python3 from transilience.runner import Script script = Script() for i in range(10): script.builtin.file(state="touch", path=f"/tmp/test{i}")
Running Actions remotely
Dataclasses have an asdict function that makes them trivially serializable. If their members stick to data types that can be serialized with Mitogen and the run implementation doesn't use non-pure, non-stdlib Python modules, then I can trivially run actions on all sorts of remote systems using Mitogen:
#!/usr/bin/python3 from transilience.runner import Script from transilience.system import Mitogen script = Script(system=Mitogen("my server", "ssh", hostname="machine.example.org", username="user")) for i in range(10): script.builtin.file(state="touch", path=f"/tmp/test{i}")
How fast would that be, compared to Ansible?
$ time ansible-playbook test.yaml [...] real 0m15.232s user 0m4.033s sys 0m1.336s $ time ./test_script real 0m4.934s user 0m0.547s sys 0m0.049s
With a network round-trip for each single operation I'm already 3x faster than Ansible, and it can run on nspawn containers, too!
I always wanted to have a library of ansible modules useable in normal scripts, and I've always been angry with Ansible for not bundling their backend code in a generic library. Well, now there's the beginning of one!
Sweet! Next step, pipelining.
This is part of a series of posts on ideas for an ansible-like provisioning system, implemented in Transilience.
Musing about Ansible
I like infrastructure as code.
I like to be able to represent an entire system as text files in a git repositories, and to be able to use that to recreate the system, from my Virtual Private Server, to my print server and my stereo, to build machines, to other kind of systems I might end up setting up.
I like that the provisioning work I do on a machine can be self-documenting and replicable at will.
The good
For that I quite like Ansible, in principle: simple (in theory) YAML files describe a system in (reasonably) high-level steps, and it can be run on (almost) any machine that happens to have a simple Python interpreter installed.
I also like many of the modules provided with Ansible: they are convenient, platform-independent implementations of common provisioning steps. They'd be fantastic to have in a library that I could use in normal programs.
The bad
Unfortunately, Ansible is slow. Running the playbook on my VPS takes about 3 whole minutes even if I'm just changing a line in a configuration file.
This means that most of the time, instead of changing that line in the playbook and running it, to then figure out after 3 minutes that it was the wrong line, or I made a spelling mistake in the playbook, I end up logging into the server and editing in place.
That defeats the whole purpose, but that level of latency between iterations is just unacceptable to me.
The ugly
I also think that Ansible has outgrown its original design, and the supposedly declarative, idempotent YAML has become a full declarative scripting language in disguise, whose syntax is extremely awkward and verbose.
If I'm writing declarative descriptions, YAML is great. If I'm writing loops and conditionals, I want to write code, not templated YAML.
I also keep struggling trying to use Ansible to provision chroots and nspawn containers.
A personal experiment: Transilience
There's another thing I like in Ansible: it's written in Python, which is a language I'm comfortable with. Compared to other platforms, it's one that I'm more likely to be able to control beyond being a simple user.
What if I can port Ansible modules into a library of high-level provisioning functions, that I can just run via normal Python scripts?
What if I can find a way to execute those scripts remotely and not just locally?
I've started writing some prototype code, and the biggest problem is, of course, finding a name.
Ansible comes from Ursula K. Le Guin's Hainish Cycle novels, where it is a device that allows its users to communicate near-instantaneously over interstellar distances. Traveling, however, is still constrained by the speed of light.
Later in the same universe, the novels A Fisherman of the Inland Sea and The Shobies' Story, talk about experiments with instantaneous interstellar travel, as a science Ursula Le Guin called transilience:
Transilience: n. A leap across or from one thing to another [1913 Webster]
Transilience. I like everything about this name.
Now that the hardest problem is solved, the rest is just a simple matter of implementation details.
I'm reading Ansible's builtin.file sources for, uhm, reasons,
and the use of follow stood out to my eyes. Reading on, not only that. I feel
like the ansible codebase needs a serious review, at least in essential core
modules like this one.
In the file module documentation it says:
This flag indicates that filesystem links, if they exist, should be followed.
In the recursive_set_attributes implementation instead, follow means "follow symlinks to directories", but if a symlink to a file is found, it does not get followed, kind of.
What happens is that ansible will try to change the mode of the symlink, which
makes sense on some operating systems. And it does try to use lchmod if
present. Buf if not, this happens:
# Attempt to set the perms of the symlink but be # careful not to change the perms of the underlying # file while trying underlying_stat = os.stat(b_path) os.chmod(b_path, mode) new_underlying_stat = os.stat(b_path) if underlying_stat.st_mode != new_underlying_stat.st_mode: os.chmod(b_path, stat.S_IMODE(underlying_stat.st_mode))
So it tries doing chmod on the symlink, and if that changed the mode of the actual file, switch it back.
I would have appreciated a comment documenting on which systems a hack like this makes sense. As it is, it opens a very short time window in which a symlink attack can make a system file vulerable, and an exception thrown by the second stat will make it vulnerable permanently.
What about follow following links during recursion: how does it avoid loops?
I don't see a cache of (device, inode) pairs visited. Let's try:
fatal: [localhost]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "details": "maximum recursion depth exceeded", "gid": 1000, "group": "enrico", "mode": "0755", "msg": "mode must be in octal or symbolic form", "owner": "enrico", "path": "/tmp/test/test1", "size": 0, "state": "directory", "uid": 1000}
Ok, it, uhm, delegates handling that to the Python stack size. I guess it means
that a ln -s .. foo in a directory that gets recursed will always fail the
task. Fun!
More quirks
Turning a symlink into a hardlink is considered a noop if the symlink points to the same file:
--- - hosts: localhost tasks: - name: create test file file: path: /tmp/testfile state: touch - name: create test link file: path: /tmp/testlink state: link src: /tmp/testfile - name: turn it into a hard link file: path: /tmp/testlink state: hard src: /tmp/testfile
gives:
$ ansible-playbook test3.yaml [WARNING]: provided hosts list is empty, only localhost is available. Note that the implicit localhost does not match 'all' PLAY [localhost] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************ TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [localhost] TASK [create test file] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [create test link] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [turn it into a hard link] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* ok: [localhost] PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** localhost : ok=4 changed=2 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
More quirks
Converting a directory into a hardlink should work, but it doesn't because unlink is used instead of rmdir:
--- - hosts: localhost tasks: - name: create test dir file: path: /tmp/testdir state: directory - name: turn it into a symlink file: path: /tmp/testdir state: hard src: /tmp/ force: yes
gives:
$ ansible-playbook test4.yaml [WARNING]: provided hosts list is empty, only localhost is available. Note that the implicit localhost does not match 'all' PLAY [localhost] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************ TASK [Gathering Facts] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** ok: [localhost] TASK [create test dir] ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** changed: [localhost] TASK [turn it into a symlink] *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** fatal: [localhost]: FAILED! => {"changed": false, "gid": 1000, "group": "enrico", "mode": "0755", "msg": "Error while replacing: [Errno 21] Is a directory: b'/tmp/testdir'", "owner": "enrico", "path": "/tmp/testdir", "size": 0, "state": "directory", "uid": 1000} PLAY RECAP ****************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** localhost : ok=2 changed=1 unreachable=0 failed=1 skipped=0 rescued=0 ignored=0
More quirks
This is hard to test, but it looks like if source and destination are hardlinks to the same inode numbers, but on different filesystems, the operation is considered a successful noop: https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/lib/ansible/modules/file.py#L821
It should probably be something like:
if (st1.st_dev, st1.st_ino) == (st2.st_dev, st2.st_ino):
I wrote and maintain some C++ code
to stream high quantities of data as fast as possible, and I try to use
splice and sendfile when available.
The availability of those system calls varies at runtime according to a number
of factors, and the code needs to be written to fall back to read/write
loops depending on what the splice and sendfile syscalls say.
The tricky issue is unit testing: since the code path chosen depends on the kernel, the test suite will test one path or the other depending on the machine and filesystems where the tests are run.
It would be nice to be able to mock the syscalls, and replace them during tests, and it looks like I managed.
First I made catalogues of the mockable syscalls I want to be able to mock. One
with function pointers, for performance, and one with std::function, for
flexibility:
/** * Linux versions of syscalls to use for concrete implementations. */ struct ConcreteLinuxBackend { static ssize_t (*read)(int fd, void *buf, size_t count); static ssize_t (*write)(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count); static ssize_t (*writev)(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt); static ssize_t (*sendfile)(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, size_t count); static ssize_t (*splice)(int fd_in, loff_t *off_in, int fd_out, loff_t *off_out, size_t len, unsigned int flags); static int (*poll)(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout); static ssize_t (*pread)(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, off_t offset); }; /** * Mockable versions of syscalls to use for testing concrete implementations. */ struct ConcreteTestingBackend { static std::function<ssize_t(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)> read; static std::function<ssize_t(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)> write; static std::function<ssize_t(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)> writev; static std::function<ssize_t(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, size_t count)> sendfile; static std::function<ssize_t(int fd_in, loff_t *off_in, int fd_out, loff_t *off_out, size_t len, unsigned int flags)> splice; static std::function<int(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout)> poll; static std::function<ssize_t(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, off_t offset)> pread; static void reset(); };
Then I converted the code to templates, parameterized on the catalogue class.
Explicit template instantiation helps in making sure that one doesn't need to include template code in all sorts of places.
Finally, I can have a RAII class for mocking:
/** * RAII mocking of syscalls for concrete stream implementations */ struct MockConcreteSyscalls { std::function<ssize_t(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)> orig_read; std::function<ssize_t(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)> orig_write; std::function<ssize_t(int fd, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)> orig_writev; std::function<ssize_t(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, size_t count)> orig_sendfile; std::function<ssize_t(int fd_in, loff_t *off_in, int fd_out, loff_t *off_out, size_t len, unsigned int flags)> orig_splice; std::function<int(struct pollfd *fds, nfds_t nfds, int timeout)> orig_poll; std::function<ssize_t(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, off_t offset)> orig_pread; MockConcreteSyscalls(); ~MockConcreteSyscalls(); }; MockConcreteSyscalls::MockConcreteSyscalls() : orig_read(ConcreteTestingBackend::read), orig_write(ConcreteTestingBackend::write), orig_writev(ConcreteTestingBackend::writev), orig_sendfile(ConcreteTestingBackend::sendfile), orig_splice(ConcreteTestingBackend::splice), orig_poll(ConcreteTestingBackend::poll), orig_pread(ConcreteTestingBackend::pread) { } MockConcreteSyscalls::~MockConcreteSyscalls() { ConcreteTestingBackend::read = orig_read; ConcreteTestingBackend::write = orig_write; ConcreteTestingBackend::writev = orig_writev; ConcreteTestingBackend::sendfile = orig_sendfile; ConcreteTestingBackend::splice = orig_splice; ConcreteTestingBackend::poll = orig_poll; ConcreteTestingBackend::pread = orig_pread; }
And here's the specialization to pretend sendfile and splice aren't
available:
/** * Mock sendfile and splice as if they weren't available on this system */ struct DisableSendfileSplice : public MockConcreteSyscalls { DisableSendfileSplice(); }; DisableSendfileSplice::DisableSendfileSplice() { ConcreteTestingBackend::sendfile = [](int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, size_t count) -> ssize_t { errno = EINVAL; return -1; }; ConcreteTestingBackend::splice = [](int fd_in, loff_t *off_in, int fd_out, loff_t *off_out, size_t len, unsigned int flags) -> ssize_t { errno = EINVAL; return -1; }; }
It's now also possible to reproduce in the test suite all sorts of system-related issues we might observe in production over time.
I was reading Ansible's blockinfile sources for, uhm, reasons, and the code flow looked a bit odd.
So I checked what happens if a file has spurious block markers.
Give this file:
$ cat /tmp/test.orig line0 # BEGIN ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line1 # END ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line2 # END ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line3 # BEGIN ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line4
And this playbook:
$ cat test.yaml
---
- hosts: localhost
tasks:
- name: test blockinfile
blockinfile:
block: NEWLINE
path: /tmp/test
You get this result:
$ cat /tmp/test line0 # BEGIN ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line1 # END ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line2 # BEGIN ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK NEWLINE # END ANSIBLE MANAGED BLOCK line4
I was hoping that I was reading the code incorrectly, but it turns out that Ansible's blockinfile matches the last pair of begin-end markers it finds, in whatever order it finds them.
Here's a little toy program that displays a message like a split-flap display:
#!/usr/bin/python3 import sys import time def display(line: str): cur = '0' * len(line) while True: print(cur, end="\r") if cur == line: break time.sleep(0.09) cur = "".join(chr(min(ord(c) + 1, ord(oc))) for c, oc in zip(cur, line)) print() message = " ".join(sys.argv[1:]) display(message.upper())
This only works if the script's stdout is unbuffered. Pipe the output through
cat, and you get a long wait, and then the final string, without the
animation.
What is happening is that since the output is not going to a terminal, optimizations kick in that buffer the output and send it in bigger chunks, to make processing bulk I/O more efficient.
I haven't found a good introductory explanation of buffering in Python's documentation. The details seem to be scattered in the io module documentation and they mostly assume that one is already familiar with concepts like unbuffered, line-buffered or block-buffered. The libc documentation has a good quick introduction that one can read to get up to speed.
Controlling buffering in Python
In Python, one can force a buffer flush with the flush() method of the output
file descriptor, like sys.stdout.flush(), to make sure pending buffered
output gets sent.
Python's print() function also supports flush=True as an optional argument:
print(cur, end="\r", flush=True)
If one wants to change the default buffering for a file descriptor, since
Python 3.7 there's a convenient reconfigure()
method, which can reconfigure line buffering only:
sys.stdout.reconfigure(line_buffering=True)
Otherwise, the technique is to reassign sys.stdout to something that has the
behaviour one wants (code from this StackOverflow
thread):
import io # Python 3, open as binary, then wrap in a TextIOWrapper with write-through. sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(open(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'wb', 0), write_through=True)
If one needs all this to implement a progressbar, one should make sure to have a look at the progressbar module first.
When I hear Stallman saying "and I'm not planning to resign a second time", the only thing I can see is a dangerous person making a power move. I'll be wary of FSF from now on.
For this and other reasons, I have signed this open letter.
This post is part of a series about trying to setup a gitlab runner based on systemd-nspawn. I published the polished result as nspawn-runner on GitHub.
New goal: make it easier to configure and maintain chroots. For example, it
should be possible to maintain a rolling testing or sid chroot without the
need to manually log into it to run apt upgrade.
It should be also be easy to have multiple runners reasonably in sync by carrying around a few simple configuration files, representing the set of images available to the CI.
Ideally, those configuration files could simply be one ansible playbook per chroot. nspawn-runner could have a 'chroot-maintenance' command that runs all the playbooks on their corresponding chroots, and that would be all I need.
ansible and systemd-nspawn
ansible being inadequate as usual, it still does not have a nspawn or machinectl connector, even though the need is there, and one can find requests, pull requests, and implementation attempts by all sorts of people, including me.
However, I don't want to have nspawn-runner depend on random extra plugins.
There's a machinectl become plugin
available in ansible from buster-backports, but no matter how I read its
scant documentation, looked around the internet, and tried all sorts of things,
I couldn't manage to figure out what it is for.
This said, simply using systemd-nspawn instead of chroot is quite trivial:
use ansible_connection: chroot, set ansible_chroot_exe to this shellscript,
and it just works, with things properly mounted, internet access, correct
hostnames, and everything:
#!/bin/sh chroot="$1" shift exec systemd-nspawn --console=pipe -qD "$chroot" -- "$@"
I guess that's a, uhm, plan, I guess?
Running playbooks
As an initial prototype, I made nspawn check the list of chroots in
/var/lib/nspawn-runner, and for each directory found there, check if there's
an equivalent .yaml or .yml file next to nspawn-runner.
For each chroot+playbook combination, it creates an inventory with the right
setup, including the custom chroot command, and runs ansible-playbook.
As a prototype it works. I assume once it will see usage there's going to be feedback and fine tuning; meanwhile, I have the beginning of some automated maintenance for the CI chroots.
Next step
It would be nice to also have nspawn-runner create the chroots from
configuration files if they are missing, so that a new runner can be deployed
with a minimal effort, and it will proceed to generate all the images required
in a single command.
For this, I'd like to find a clean way to store the chroot creation command inside the playbooks, to keep just one configuration file per chroot.
I'd also like to have it flexible enough to run debootstrap, as well as commands for different distributions.
Time will tell.
This is probably enough for study/design posts on my blog. Further updates will be in the issue tracker.